Map from the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory of lava flows from Kīlauea, color coded by eruption and designated lava flow hazard zone (Click for full size image) ʻĀina a ke akua i noho ai (Land where the goddess dwells) Kīlauea is the youngest and most active volcano on the island of Hawaiʻi, and one of the busiest in the world.Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Map. August 15, 2023. The following content on Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park is licenced from National Geographic's Guide to National Parks of the United States (9th Edition). A GEOLOGY TEXTBOOK WILL EXPLAIN that the Hawaiian Islands were created by volcanic activity, as a shifting Pacific tectonic plate moved ...News Release Date: November 28, 2022 Contact: Jessica Ferracane, 808-985-6018 HAWAII NATIONAL PARK, Hawaiʻi – Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park remains open following a new eruption on Mauna Loa volcano that began in the summit caldera late Sunday night, and migrated to the northeast rift zone Monday morning. For everyone’s …2. Kilauea Iki Crater. The Kilauea Iki Crater is a great spot for hikers to explore a crater at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park via the Kilauea Iki & Crater Rim Trails. What was once a boiling lava lake is now a hardened surface for hikers to enjoy an afternoon in the park. 3.Map from the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory of lava flows from Kīlauea, color coded by eruption and designated lava flow hazard zone (Click for full size image) ʻĀina a ke akua i noho ai (Land where the goddess dwells) Kīlauea is the youngest and most active volcano on the island of Hawaiʻi, and one of the busiest in the world.Where is the best place to hike in Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park? According to users from AllTrails.com, the best place to hike in Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park is Kilauea Iki Trail and Crater Rim Trail, which has a 4.8 star rating from 7,740 reviews. This trail is 3.2 mi long with an elevation gain of 580 ft. 27 Şub 2019 ... ... map the disaster in minutes. In early May, 2018, Hawaii's Kilauea volcano erupted, opening more than a dozen new lava fissures in the ...A map showing the five active volcanoes in Hawaii. A volcano is formed by the build-up of magma. As magma collects, pressure builds, forcing it upwards with enough force to break through the Earth's …Here Are Some Basic Facts About Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Location: Hawaii Acreage: Hawaii Volcanoes National Park encompasses 335,259 acres or about 523 square miles. Visitation: In 2021, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park welcomed 1,262,747 people to the park. Highest Elevation: 13,681 feet. Lowest Elevation: The lowest …During the morning of September 11, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory geologists conducted an overflight of the new eruption within the Kīlauea summit caldera. The eruption is occurring in the east portion of Halemaʻumaʻu crater and on the downdropped block to the east, which formed during the 2018 summit collapse. Halemaʻumaʻu crater is ...The first maps showing volcanic hazard zones on Hawai'i Island were prepared in 1974 by U.S. Geological Survey geologists and were published in USGS Open-File Report 74-239. The lava-flow hazards map was reformatted in the 1980s, based on new and more complete geologic mapping and lava flow age-dating by USGS scientists.The Hawaii Volcanoes geologic map (3.8 mb) includes not just the lava flows and rock types on national park lands, but on the rest of the Big Island of Hawaii as well, including Kona and Hilo. This Hawaii regional map (800 kb) shows the entire Big Island, highlighting the other national park units. See moreJan 6, 2005 · Hawaii Volcanoes - Map. By Geology and Ecology of National Parks January 6, 2005. Dec 2, 2022 · The lava spewing from the Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii continues to flow. The leading edge remains at around 7,000 feet in elevation, creeping down the mountain at less than a mile an hour. But the ... Most of us have only seen the amazing power of a volcanic eruption in movies. But did you know that there are approximately 169 volcanoes in the United States that scientists consider active?Dec 1, 2022 · The following essay is reprinted with permission from The Conversation, an online publication covering the latest research.. Hawaii’s Mauna Loa, the world’s largest active volcano, began ... Real-Time & Historic Air Quality Data. The airborne concentrations of SO 2 gas and PM 2.5 (fine particles) are measured within Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park and across the Island of Hawai'i (see links below). In any location, vog concentrations are primarily dependent on the amount of volcanic emissions, the distance away from the source ...Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park currently offers public WiFi access. The Volcano House Hotel offers in-room WiFi access. Most of the park has good cellular reception (with the exception of the backcountry). Reception is spotty on a section of Chain of Craters Road near Maunaulu and at the end of Chain of Craters Road, depending on your carrier.Map from the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory of lava flows from Kīlauea, color coded by eruption and designated lava flow hazard zone (Click for full size image) ʻĀina a ke akua i noho ai (Land where the goddess dwells) Kīlauea is the youngest and most active volcano on the island of Hawaiʻi, and one of the busiest in the world.Mauna Loa is among Earth's most active volcanoes, having erupted 34 times since its first well-documented historical eruption in 1843. It has produced large, voluminous flows of basalt that have reached the ocean eight times since 1868. During the 1984 eruption, a lava flow came within 7.2 km (4.5 mi) of Hilo, the largest population center on ...The Big Island The island of Hawai'i, better known as "The Big Island," is home to five volcanoes. Kohala, a smaller volcano on the north end of the island is extinct. It is seldom climbed as it has no official trails and is choked with vegetation in places. That said, some have made it to the top.Submerged, having long since disappeared into the sea [21] Haleakalā. Maui. between A.D. 1480 and 1600, oldest currently active volcano in the Hawaiian - Emperor seamount chain [22] 20°42′35″N 156°15′12″W. / 20.70972°N 156.25333°W / 20.70972; -156.25333. ~ 2 million [22] Forms more than 75% of Maui [22] West Maui.This special place vibrates with stories of ancient and modern Hawaiian culture and protects the bond between the land and its people. The park also cares for endangered species, some of which exist nowhere else. Come visit this special place - renew your spirit amid stark volcanic landscapes and sub-tropical rain forest with an …In 1912, the Hawaii Volcano Observatory was established on the rim of Kiluaea caldera as one of the earliest science stations of its kind on Earth. Interest in understanding the inner workings of volcanoes at the time was high due to a catastrophic 1902 eruption that killed over 30,000 people on the island of Martinique in the Caribbean.The summit of Kama‘ehuakanaloa is marked by a caldera-like depression 2.8 km (1.7 mi) wide and 3.7 km (2.3 mi) long. Three collapse pits or craters occupy the southern part of the caldera; the most recent pit formed during the 1996 earthquake swarm. Named Pele's Pit, the new crater is about 600 m (1,970 ft) in diameter and its bottom is 300 m ...The primary source of information for volcano boundaries and generalized ages of lava flows for all five volcanoes on the Island of Hawaii is the geologic map of Hawaii (E.W. Wolfe and Jean Morris, unpub. data, 1989). More detailed information is available for the three active volcanoes. For Hualalai, see MoorePrev Next. Jim Kauahikaua, an esteemed geophysicist and the first Native Hawaiian to become a scientist-in-charge at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, died Oct. 8 in Hilo at the age of 72. "He ...Volcanoes Maps Hawaii volcano. Most read in World. Putin forced to patch up elite tank unit with new conscripts after bloodbath in Ukraine 'Knife in the back!' Poland chief erupts at Brussels ...Dec. 2, 2022, 6:02 AM PST. By Julianne McShane. Lava flows from the eruption of Hawaii's Mauna Loa, the world's largest active volcano, are moving toward a main highway, adding to local worries on ...The Hawaii Volcanoes geologic map (3.8 mb) includes not just the lava flows and rock types on national park lands, but on the rest of the Big Island of Hawaii as well, including Kona and Hilo. This Hawaii regional map (800 kb) shows the entire Big Island, highlighting the other national park units.Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park is located on the island of Hawai‘i. From Hilo: 30 miles southwest on Highway 11 (45 minute drive) From Kailua-Kona: 95 miles southeast on Highway 11 (2 to 2.5 hour …By CALEB JONES. Published 4:12 AM PDT, November 28, 2022. KAILUA-KONA, Hawaii (AP) — Waves of orange, glowing lava and ash blasted and billowed from the world’s largest active volcano in its first eruption in 38 years, and officials told people living on Hawaii’s Big Island to be ready in the event of a worst-case scenario.Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park protects some of the most unique geological, biological, and cherished cultural landscapes in the world. Extending from sea level to 13,680 feet, the park encompasses …The Hawaii Volcanoes geologic map (3.8 mb) includes not just the lava flows and rock types on national park lands, but on the rest of the Big Island of Hawaii as well, including Kona and Hilo. This Hawaii regional map (800 kb) shows the entire Big Island, highlighting the other national park units.Information Central. Kīlauea Visitor Center is often a great first stop when entering the park. Rangers and volunteers are on duty daily to provide visitors with the latest information on the current conditions, hiking information, things to do and the daily schedule of ranger-led activities. The Hawai‘i Pacific Parks Association operates a ...Map of the Hawaii Volcanoes. Bryce Stevens | Hiking, Traveling | 37,698 views. Having just visited Hawaii, I was curious about the island chain and all its volcanoes. I’ve read a few …Hawaii is made up of 137 islands, but only 7 of the 8 largest islands are inhabited. The 7 major Hawaiian islands are Oahu, Maui, Hawaii (Big Island), Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, and Niihau. Kahaoolawe is the 8th largest Hawaiian island, but it’s against the law to visit unless you’re there for a valid volunteer work opportunity.Jan 6, 2005 · Hawaii Volcanoes - Map. By Geology and Ecology of National Parks January 6, 2005. Feb 13, 2019 · Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Map. By Geology and Ecology of National Parks February 13, 2019. 2. Kilauea Iki Crater. The Kilauea Iki Crater is a great spot for hikers to explore a crater at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park via the Kilauea Iki & Crater Rim Trails. What was once a boiling lava lake is now a hardened surface for …During the morning of September 11, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory geologists conducted an overflight of the new eruption within the Kīlauea summit caldera. The eruption is occurring in the east portion of Halemaʻumaʻu crater and on the downdropped block to the east, which formed during the 2018 summit collapse. Halemaʻumaʻu crater is ...Between January 1983, and June 2007, nearly 600 acres of land were added to the island by lava flows from Kilauea volcano. This growth has not been without cost, however. Several towns have been destroyed by …Between January 1983, and June 2007, nearly 600 acres of land were added to the island by lava flows from Kilauea volcano. This growth has not been without cost, however. Several towns have been destroyed by Kilauea: Kapoho (1960), Kalapana (1990), and Kaimu (1990).The Kilauea Iki Crater is a great spot for hikers to explore a crater at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park via the Kilauea Iki & Crater Rim Trails. What was once a boiling lava lake is now a hardened surface for hikers to enjoy an afternoon in the park. Distance: 3 miles roundtrip. Time: 2-3 hours.By order of Woodrow Wilson in 1916, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park was created. It contains 323,431 acres and is still growing. In 1980, the Park was designated as an International Biosphere Reserve and became a World Heritage Site in 1987. There are at least 6 different climate zones in the park including desert, tropical forest and tundra.Maps Photos & Videos Deformation Data Air Quality Recent Summit Eruption Info HVO monitors earthquakes and the active volcanoes in Hawaii, assesses their hazards, issues warnings, and advances scientific understanding to reduce the impacts of volcanic eruptions.Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park is an American national park located in the U.S. state of Hawaii on the island of Hawaii.The park encompasses two active volcanoes: Kīlauea, one of the world's most active volcanoes, and Mauna Loa, the world's largest shield volcano.The park provides scientists with insight into the development of the Hawaiian Islands and access for studies of volcanism.Ready to plan a trip to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park? From what to bring to where to go, here's everything you need to know. A trip to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is worth the effort it takes to get there. From steaming sulfur banks to...The primary source of information for volcano boundaries and generalized ages of lava flows for all five volcanoes on the Island of Hawaii is the geologic map of Hawaii (E.W. Wolfe and Jean Morris, unpub. data, 1989). More detailed information is available for the three active volcanoes.Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park is located on the island of Hawai‘i. From Hilo: 30 miles southwest on Highway 11 (45 minute drive) From Kailua-Kona: 95 miles southeast on Highway 11 (2 to 2.5 hour …Kilauea, the world's most active volcanic mass, situated on the southeastern part of the island of Hawaii, Hawaii state, U.S. Located in Hawaii Volcanoes ...The primary source of information for volcano boundaries and generalized ages of lava flows for all five volcanoes on the Island of Hawaii is the geologic map of Hawaii (E.W. Wolfe and Jean Morris, unpub. data, 1989). More detailed information is available for the three active volcanoes. For Hualalai, see MooreThere are five active volcanoes in Hawaii: Lo’ihi, Kilauea, Mauna Loa, Hualalai and Haleakala. Lo’ihi is an underwater volcano; the other four volcanoes are above sea level. Kilauea is Hawaii’s most active volcano, with 62 eruptions recorde...Sep 26, 2023 · September 2021-2022 Summit Eruption. A 300-acre lava lake delights park visitors with mesmerizing lava views once more since 2018. Nov 29, 2022 at 5:18 AM EST. By Pandora Dewan. Science Reporter. The largest active volcano in the world, Mauna Loa, has now been erupting for 24 hours. Initially contained in the volcano's summit ...Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park is located on the island of Hawai‘i. From Hilo: 30 miles southwest on Highway 11 (45 minute drive) From Kailua-Kona: 95 miles southeast on Highway 11 (2 to 2.5 hour …This dataset represents the geologic history for the five volcanoes that comprise the Island of Hawai'i. The volcanoes are Kohala, Mauna Kea, Hualalai, Mauna Loa and Kīlauea. This database of the geologic map contributes to understanding the geologic history of the Island of Hawai‘i and provides the basis for understanding long-term volcanic processes …The primary source of information for volcano boundaries and generalized ages of lava flows for all five volcanoes on the Island of Hawaii is the geologic map of Hawaii (E.W. Wolfe and Jean Morris, unpub. data, 1989). More detailed information is available for the three active volcanoes.Tectonic Plates and Active Volcanoes of the World: Most active volcanoes are located along or near the boundaries of Earth's shifting tectonic plates. Hawaiian volcanoes, however, occur in the middle of the Pacific Plate and are formed by volcanism over the Hawaiian "Hot Spot" (see text). Only some of the Earth's more than 500 active volcanoes ...Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Map. August 15, 2023. The following content on Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park is licenced from National Geographic's Guide to National Parks of the United States (9th Edition). A GEOLOGY TEXTBOOK WILL EXPLAIN that the Hawaiian Islands were created by volcanic activity, as a shifting Pacific tectonic plate moved ...While Kilauea may be the most famous Hawaii volcano, Mauna Loa and Hualalai are also active volcanoes. ... Home | Site Map | Disclaimer | Privacy Policy | ...Hawaii Volcanoes National Park was created in 1916 and encompasses two active volcanoes. Mauna Loa is the largest shield volcano on Earth measured from the sea floor to summit. After a 38 year hiatus, Mauna Loa began erupting on Nov 27, 2022. Kilauea, located on Mauna Loa's flank, has been erupting as well. By order of Woodrow Wilson in 1916 ...Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park Policies Drones / Unmanned Aircraft Policy Launching, landing, or operating an unmanned aircraft from or on lands and waters administered by the National Park Service within the boundaries of Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park is prohibited except as approved in writing by the superintendent.Oct 24, 2023 · There are about 170 potentially active volcanoes in the U.S. The mission of the USGS Volcano Hazards Program is to enhance public safety and minimize social and economic disruption from volcanic unrest and eruption through our National Volcano Early Warning System. We deliver forecasts, warnings, and information about volcano hazards based on a ... Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park protects some of the most unique geological, biological, and cherished cultural landscapes in the world. Extending from sea level to 13,680 feet, the park encompasses …The U.S. Geological Survey's Volcanoes and Current Activity Alerts map shows the location and activity levels of all volcanoes in the United States. The map allows for filtering based on both location and current volcano status. Each volcano is depicted by a small colored triangle with different colors indicating various volcano alert levels: Green = normal Yellow = advisory Orange = watch Red ... This map was created by a user. Learn how to create your own. Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Sign in. Open full screen to view more. This map was ...Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park is an American national park located in the U.S. state of Hawaii on the island of Hawaii.The park encompasses two active volcanoes: Kīlauea, one of the world's most active volcanoes, and Mauna Loa, the world's largest shield volcano.The park provides scientists with insight into the development of the Hawaiian Islands and access for studies of volcanism.Hawaiʻi’s Active Volcanoes. Two of the world's most active volcanoes - Kīlauea and Maunaloa - can be found on Hawaiʻi Island. Other volcanoes on Hawaiʻi Island include: Maunakea, Hualālai, and Kohala. Other …17 May 2018 ... After weeks of restlessness, Hawaii's Kilauea volcano erupted explosively Thursday morning, hurling boulders hundreds of feet and sending a ...72. Lava flowed from Mauna Loa, the world’s largest active volcano, a week after it erupted for the first time since 1984. Bruce Omori/EPA, via Shutterstock. By Oliver Whang. Published Dec. 3 ...Kilauea, Hawaii’s second-largest volcano, erupted from September 2021 until last December. A 2018 Kilauea eruption destroyed more than 700 homes. Explore more on these topicsThe detailed map below shows the US state of Hawaii with its islands, the state capital Honolulu, major cities and populated places, volcanoes, rivers, and roads. You are free to use this map for educational purposes (fair use); please refer to the Nations Online Project. More about Hawaii State. Some Geography.Extending from sea level to 13,680 feet, the park encompasses the summits of two of the world's most active volcanoes - Kīlauea and Mauna Loa - and is a designated International Biosphere Reserve and UNESCO World Heritage Site. What's Going On With The Volcanoes?Where is the Lava? Hawaii Eruption Tracker & Updates Kilauea volcano is not currently erupting Last Updated: September 17, 2023 If you're heading to Hawaii's Big Island, then one of the first questions you may have is, 'Where is the lava? I want to see lava! Wait, or is it magma?'Notice the location of volcanoes on this map and observe the physical features of volcanoes ... The Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean are an example.Live view of Halemaʻumaʻu crater from the northwest rim of the caldera, looking east [V1cam] . =====FAQs about Kīlauea eruptions: https://www.usgs.gov/observ...Volcanoes Maps Hawaii volcano. Most read in World. Putin forced to patch up elite tank unit with new conscripts after bloodbath in Ukraine 'Knife in the back!' Poland chief erupts at Brussels ...The first eruption in 38 years of Mauna Loa, the world’s largest active volcano, is drawing visitors to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, which is open 24 hours a day.The island of Hawai’i, nicknamed the “Big Island,” covers a land area of 10,432.5 sq. km and is the largest island in the Hawaiian archipelago. The island of Hawai’i was formed from the eruption of five separate shield volcanoes, namely Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, Hualalai, Kohala, and Kilauea. All the five volcanic peaks of the Big Island of ...
The first USGS map showing volcanic hazard zones on the Island of Hawai‘i was prepared in 1974 and revised in 1987 and 1992. The latest map divides the island into 9 zones, with lava flows most likely to occur in Zone 1 and least likely in Zone 9. Hazard zones from lava flows are based chiefly on the location and frequency of both historic ... . Taylor feingold leak
Of all the inhabited Hawaiian Islands, Kauai is located farthest from the presumed hot spot and has the most eroded and oldest volcanic rocks, dated to be around 5.5 million years old. Meanwhile, on the “Big Island” of Hawaii, the oldest rocks are less than 0.7 million years old and volcanic activity continues to create new land.Sep 27, 2023 · Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park Map. Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Map: Kahuku Unit. National Parks on the Island of Hawai'i. GPS Coordinates Page. Last updated: September 27, 2023. Kīlauea (US: / ˌ k ɪ l ə ˈ w eɪ ə / KIL-ə-WAY-ə, Hawaiian: [kiːlɐwˈwɛjə]) is an active shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands.Located along the southeastern shore of Hawai'i Island, the volcano is between 210,000 and 280,000 years old and emerged above sea level about 100,000 years ago.Historically, it is the most active of the five volcanoes that together …... volcano. Map from Frank Trusdell. (USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory). Map shows the age and distribution of all lava flows on the surface. See map explanation.The USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) is responsible for monitoring six active volcanoes on the Islands of Hawai‘i and Maui. The Island of Hawai‘i, with four active volcanoes, is liveliest. Between 1912 and 2012, there were nearly 50 Kīlauea eruptions, 12 Mauna Loa eruptions, and one Hualālai intrusion of magma. The primary source of information for volcano boundaries and generalized ages of lava flows for all five volcanoes on the Island of Hawaii is the geologic map of Hawaii (E.W. Wolfe and Jean Morris, unpub. data, 1989). More detailed information is available for the three active volcanoes.East Maui's long eruptive history and recent activity indicate that the volcano will erupt in the future. East Maui's volume is about 30,000 km 3 (7,200 mi 3) with about 97% of the volume below sea level. Its area is 1,470 km 2 (570 mi 2. The volcano is considered to be in its post-shield stage. The Hawaiian name Hale-a-ka-la (literally, house ...The Lo’ihi Seamount , just off the southern shore of the Big Island and not far from Kilauea, is next in line. The summit is about 3,000 feet below sea level, but it already resembles a volcano with a crater three miles wide. You can actually see its shape in Google Earth using the coordinates 18.91713, -155.25939. East Maui's long eruptive history and recent activity indicate that the volcano will erupt in the future. East Maui's volume is about 30,000 km 3 (7,200 mi 3) with about 97% of the volume below sea level. Its area is 1,470 km 2 (570 mi 2. The volcano is considered to be in its post-shield stage. The Hawaiian name Hale-a-ka-la (literally, house ...News Release Date: November 28, 2022 Contact: Jessica Ferracane, 808-985-6018 HAWAII NATIONAL PARK, Hawaiʻi – Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park remains open following a new eruption on Mauna Loa volcano that began in the summit caldera late Sunday night, and migrated to the northeast rift zone Monday morning. For everyone’s …These volcanic islands also formed from the same hot spot. Today the Big Island of Hawaii sits over the hot spot and has the only active volcanoes in that island group. Konala, Hualaiai, Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes have built the island over the last 500,000 years. Mauna Loa volcano is the largest volcano on Earth.The Lo’ihi Seamount , just off the southern shore of the Big Island and not far from Kilauea, is next in line. The summit is about 3,000 feet below sea level, but it already resembles a volcano with a crater three miles wide. You can actually see its shape in Google Earth using the coordinates 18.91713, -155.25939.Yes, the Map Showing Lava-Flow Hazards Zones on Hawai'i Island is still accurate. It was most recently revised in 1992. The map is intended to communicate long-term lava-flow hazards, rather than short-term hazards, which can change daily during periods of eruptive activity. Hazard assessments are based on the assumption that future eruptions will be …Map from the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory of lava flows from Kīlauea, color coded by eruption and designated lava flow hazard zone (Click for full size image) ʻĀina a ke akua i noho ai (Land where the goddess dwells) Kīlauea is the youngest and most active volcano on the island of Hawaiʻi, and one of the busiest in the world.Dec 10, 2022 · Lava flows extended 12 miles (19 km) from the vents in a north/northeast direction before the eruption ended on December 10. Lava flows came to within 1.7 miles (2.8 kilometers) of the Daniel K. Inouye Highway (Saddle Road). Sources/Usage: Public Domain. The Northeast Rift Zone eruption of Mauna Loa that began the evening of November 27, 2022. 72. Lava flowed from Mauna Loa, the world’s largest active volcano, a week after it erupted for the first time since 1984. Bruce Omori/EPA, via Shutterstock. By Oliver Whang. Published Dec. 3 ....