65 y/o WM with 30 yr h/o deep left sided facial pain. It all started after a fracture of his nasal septum. As best I can tell, his pain is located a few cm posterior and superior to where his last left maxillary molar would be, up into the head (meckels cave?). His pain occurs approx 12x/day with each episode lasting approx 20min.I refer to fractures that were treated either conservatively or with kypho. I intermittently see patients who have 2/3rd relief after someone else did a kyphoplasty. I find that some of these patients respond to mbb/rf, and my question concerns the optimal levels to be treated. For example, patient with old L1 compression fracture, s/p kypho.NIPPON PAINT (M) SDN. BHD. (196701000578) Lot I-17, Taman Perindustrian Subang Utama, Jalan SU4, 40300 Shah Alam, Malaysia. Customer Careline: 1-800-88-2663 | Email: [email protected] Customer Careline: 1-800-88-2663 Email: [email protected]. Note: The colour shades displayed are indicative …Raritan, N.J., August 29 , 2012 – Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. today announced the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the supplemental New Drug Application (sNDA) for NUCYNTA ® ER (tapentadol) extended-release tablets, an oral analgesic taken twice daily, for the management of neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral …Master Chris Leong is a leading bone setting expert in Malaysia, who uses traditional Chinese methodology to help to relieve debilitating stiffness and chronic pain. The Tit Tar Bone Adjustment Method is based on the belief that our health can be restored by returning the body's energy, balance and harmony. With 8 Million followers and 40 years ...Aug 15, 2019 · Symptoms — Aug 15, 2019. Chronic pain is one of the most common symptoms associated with Sjögren’s. I have the interesting position of working as a healthcare provider in the field of comprehensive pain medicine as well as being a Sjögren’s sufferer. My role working as a Physician Assistant and Chiropractor is to help patients manage ... Rathnell Atlas is a good refresher. Benzon's practical management of pain is a good one if you're going to cram for boards. It seemed like the Morgan and Mikhail of …According to WebMD, the top causes of chronic lower back pain are degenerative disk disease, herniated disks and osteoporosis. The likelihood of developing these conditions is dete...Jan 8, 2022 · Therefore recent anesthesia graduates typically have a higher salary close to $50k more than pain jobs because they don't need time to grow their practice and therefore overall revenue. There are anesthesia job with and without call. Call usually pays between $1-1.5k in most places in addition to the higher salary. Therefore you have to send a get request to /portal/pubKey, which will lead into a generated 1024 Bit public key as a result. The controller holds the ...Below is a list of the most common CPT codes (procedure codes) and there assigned relative value units (RVU) and work RVU used in a PM&R and interventional pain management clinic. These have all been updated for the 2014 changes from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS).Mar 1, 2023 · The SNRI duloxetine is the only FDA-approved antidepressant for neuropathic pain. It’s indicated for fibromyalgia, chronic musculoskeletal pain, and diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. According to the review, there is moderate certainty of evidence that SNRIs can alleviate back pain, postoperative pain, fibromyalgia, and neuropathic pain. Jul 29, 2020 · SL buprenorphine, while generic, is still off label for chronic pain and is FDA approved for opioid dependence. You will still risk a potential DEA audit if you continue to prescribe this for pain. Granted, the DEA is more likely going to go after large volume prescribers of this drug first, but it is a risk you run. Dec 1, 2023 · Opioids ( codeine, tramadol, hydrocodone [ Hysingla ], morphine, oxycodone, fentanyl ): Reserved for moderate-to-severe acute pain or chronic pain due to cancer. Not recommended for other types of chronic pain due to limited efficacy. Associated with side effects like constipation, nausea, dizziness, and sleepiness. Apr 29, 2023 · Elbow pain is often caused by overuse or injury. Many sports, hobbies and jobs require repetitive hand, wrist or arm movements. Elbow pain can be the result of problems with bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments or joints. Elbow pain may occasionally be due to arthritis. But in general, your elbow joint is much less likely to have wear-and-tear ... Replies. 16. Feb 1, 2022. Hi All, I'm interviewing for pain attending positions and will soon be negotiating contracts. I really have no idea what to look for, how to …The anesthesiologist visits each patient preoperatively to evaluate the individual's readiness for surgery, discuss the procedures, and allay patient anxiety. In addition, the anesthesiologist is responsible for postanesthesia recovery room care. Number of physicians in specialty - Medium, under 50,000. Competitiveness of residency - High.Replies. 16. Feb 1, 2022. Hi All, I'm interviewing for pain attending positions and will soon be negotiating contracts. I really have no idea what to look for, how to …About 80 percent of adults will experience pain in their lower back pain at some point in their lifetime, according to the National Institute Of Health. Whether it’s sudden, sharp,...Apr 17, 2023 · Shoulder pain is a common indication for visits to primary care or orthopedic clinic worldwide. The estimated prevalence of shoulder complaints is 7% to 34%, often with shoulder impingement syndrome as the underlying etiology.[1] Since it was first described in 1852, shoulder impingement syndrome is believed to be the most common cause of shoulder pain, accounting for 44% to 65% of all ... 1. Oct/Nov/Dec is the time to be pedal to the metal with the search. You would be very surprised how many months it takes for concrete stuff to materialize, and how things can fall through as they are approaching completion. 2. It is really super important to be very proactive and cast a wide net.At most of our retail outlets, you will find Jotun Interior Colour Centre. This colour tool presents 128 colours specially developed for walls and interior details, carefully selected by our colour experts. See the colours. Every wall has an inspiring story to tell. A story that can be brought to life with the perfect colour and paint.Chronic Pain, the Opioid Epidemic, and the Role of Neuromodulation. The United States is currently battling an opioid epidemic that is only getting worse. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that in 2016 there were 42,249 opioid overdose deaths, which is a significant increase from the 33,091 deaths reported in 2015.A forum for practicing pain physicians and fellows to discuss pain management topics, such as positions, fellowship reviews, epidural, pictures of the week, and more. Join the community of pain medicine enthusiasts and share your experiences, …SDN seems to be skewed in favor of procedure heavy programs, which prefer anesthesiologists. Some programs will even have fellows covering anesthesia call, which you obviously can't do as a psychiatrist. ... A pain fellowship is not the only pathway to treating and understanding pain. If you want to do pain procedures then that’s likely your ...Sep 24, 2006 · It has a good section on the basics of the contract. Obviously, retain a lawyer familiar with medical employment contracts. A typical review will cost around $400, but it's the best investment you'll ever make. EVERYTHING in the contract is negotiable, before you start to negotiate, prioritize what are the "deal breakers" vs what you'd be ... Dec 9, 2017. #27. Frankly, IMHO it is a disastrous situation with Pain Board Certification when the ACGME allows an allergist, pediatrician, geneticist, or an aerospace medicine doctor access to a ACGME fellowship in pain medicine that then permits them to become board certified in pain by the ABMS.Yes I agree. Other things that just came to my head: 1. How long procedures take to get authorized in the WC system and HMO 2. The pettiness of documentation required to get things authorized in WC and HMO 3. The lack of availability of good addiction specialists or psychologists in my area to be a part of a comprehensive plan to manage …OverviewThe Weill Cornell Tri-Institute Pain Fellowship is a 12-month, ACGME-accredited program that provides a comprehensive curriculum for training the next generation of leaders in Interventional Pain Medicine. Widely regarded as one of the top training programs in New York City and the country, the program incorporates core rotations at three of the nation's …2022 MGMA. gaspasser127. May 27, 2023. This forum made possible through the generous support of SDN members, donors, and sponsors. Thank you. G.UPMC Pain Management Centre Commons 5750 Centre Ave., Suite 400 Pittsburgh, PA 15206 833-997-PAIN. Fellowship: [email protected] Website: [email protected] Abdominal pain is characterized by pain located between the pelvic region and the chest. Abdominal pain is characterized by pain located between the pelvic region and the chest. Or...Nov 22, 2019 · 146. Reaction score. 153. Jan 16, 2020. #37. Once you get an interview, probably not a huge part of the selection process but undoubtedly they use it to screen for interviews. Pain fellows come from a variety of different specialities, different In training exams so you can’t really compare them to any of that. VCROM Manufacturing Sdn Bhd was incorporated in 2010 with the core business in supplying automotive paints and thinners. By adhering to strict quality control standards, VCROM continues to grow and expand. We invest in production facilities and advanced technology research. The credibility of Vcrom in every aspect of operations have steered …Pain Medicine . Pain Boards 2022. Thread starter otis86; Start date Mar 1, 2022; This forum made possible ... Pain Boards 2022. Thread starter otis86; Start date Mar 1, 2022; This forum made possible through the generous support of SDN members, donors, and sponsors. Thank you. O. otis86 Full Member. 10+ Year Member. Joined Jun 10, …Therefore recent anesthesia graduates typically have a higher salary close to $50k more than pain jobs because they don't need time to grow their practice and therefore overall revenue. There are anesthesia job with and without call. Call usually pays between $1-1.5k in most places in addition to the higher salary.If you are interested in obtaining, maintaining, or regaining a Pain Medicine Certificate of Added Qualifications, you may access the online application for the Pain Medicine CAQ Examination under “Added Qualifications” in your MyABFM Portfolio. For additional information, please contact Debbie Medley at [email protected] or 859-538-7197.2. May 30, 2005. #20. lobelsteve said: Emory University has both an ACGME accredited Anesthesia Pain Fellowship with 6 fellows, and an ACGME accredited PM&R Pain Fellowship with 5-6 fellows. The fellowships are entitrly separate despite my attempts to invite the anesthesia fellows out to a journal club.With many years of professional insight on researching the solutions, many values and quality services had been created through the masterpiece of Excelife ...Fax: +603-6243 0228. Email: [email protected]. [email protected]. If you are interest on neurosurgical, orthopaedics products, Medical Equipment Supplier & etc. Welcome enquire us. Thanks for submitting! RRPC have been in the business of medical supply & service for Interventional Pain Management, neurosurgical & Orthopaedic …2020-2021 Pain Fellowship Interview Thread. camedstudent23. Nov 22, 2019. This forum made possible through the generous support of SDN members, donors, …Apr 13, 2023 · Chronic pain (i.e., pain lasting ≥3 months) is a debilitating condition that affects daily work and life activities for many adults in the United States and has been linked with depression (1), Alzheimer disease and related dementias (2), higher suicide risk (3), and substance use and misuse (4). Replies. 16. Feb 1, 2022. Hi All, I'm interviewing for pain attending positions and will soon be negotiating contracts. I really have no idea what to look for, how to …There are many causes of canker sores, from stress to food sensitivities. Most go away on their own, but they can be incredibly painful. Canker sores are small, shallow ulcers that...This forum made possible through the generous support of SDN members, donors, and sponsors. Thank you. 1; 2; Next. 1 of 2 Go to page. Go. Next Last. M. med7343 Full Member. 5+ Year Member. Joined Dec 16, 2018 ... If unilateral radicular pain with grade 2+ L5-S1 spondy, I'd vote for an S1 TFESI with depo, (or S2 if you're too concerned to do …Jul 28, 2017 · Pain Medicine . Regenexx. Thread starter ... Sent from my iPhone using SDN mobile . N. nvrsumr Member. 20+ Year Member. Joined Apr 26, 2002 Messages 2,716 Reaction ... Sep 19, 2023 · Pain Management Positions Job board and available fellowship positions This forum made possible through the generous support of SDN members, donors , and sponsors . Rathnell Atlas is a good refresher. Benzon's practical management of pain is a good one if you're going to cram for boards. It seemed like the Morgan and Mikhail of …Apr 1, 2017 · Background. Over 100 million Americans are living with chronic pain, and pain is the most common reason that patients seek medical attention. Despite the prevalence of pain, the practice of pain management and the scientific discipline of pain research are relatively new fields compared to the rest of medicine – contributing to a twenty-first century dilemma for health care providers asked ... Oct 24, 2020 · Here is what would transfer: 1. image guided skills. 2. managing complications of those neuroaxial and PNBs. You'll rarely see such issues in outpatient chronic pain, but good to know how to manage badness if it pops up. Suturing and knot tying could be useful to brush up on for sure. 1 users. VCROM Manufacturing Sdn Bhd was incorporated in 2010 with the core business in supplying automotive paints and thinners. By adhering to strict quality control standards, VCROM continues to grow and expand. We invest in production facilities and advanced technology research. The credibility of Vcrom in every aspect of operations have steered …For the purpose of contract negotiation you might be better off using the 2019 data. MGMA data doesn't calculate average RVU for Anesthesia pain, but they have ASA units, income data. I can share what I have. Apparently, my org doesn't have the new data yet, as I just received the 2020 report from 2019 data.2. Type of Pain 1- Acute pain: Skin-breaking procedures or tissue injury caused by diagnostic or therapeutic interventions 2- Established pain: Occurs after surgery, localized inflammatory conditions, birth-related trauma 3- Prolonged pain: Results from severe diseases e.g. NEC, meningitis. 4. Effects of Pain 1- physiologic effects: SDN - 2016-2017 Pain Fellowship Application Survey - COMPLETE ONLY IF YOU APPLIED IN 2016-2017 Hope this might help future applicants! I will post some of the analytics after November 1st. More (scientific, match-only) data may be found here: NRMP And here: NRMP Related thread here...Apr 13, 2023 · Chronic pain (i.e., pain lasting ≥3 months) is a debilitating condition that affects daily work and life activities for many adults in the United States and has been linked with depression (1), Alzheimer disease and related dementias (2), higher suicide risk (3), and substance use and misuse (4). Aug 25, 2022 · Neck pain causes include: Muscle strains. Overuse, such as too many hours hunched over a computer or a smartphone, often triggers muscle strains. Even minor things, such as reading in bed, can strain neck muscles. Worn joints. As with other joints in the body, neck joints tend to wear with age. In response to this wear and tear, the body often ... For Pain Clinics · For Respiration · For Infection Control · Topics · Company Information ... MEDITOP Corporation (M) SDN.BHD. Malaysia, Malaysia. TOP S...So Paint Master Sdn. Bhd. was founded in Bukit Mertajam, Penang to embark on a new journey to create safe and beautiful homes for our beloved customers and reinvent the entire shopping experience of this archaic industry. We have created a better way, an expertly curated color palette, offering the highest quality paint, no-mess, no-fuss color ...The MD Anderson Pain Medicine Fellowship Program is a one-year, ACGME-accredited training program with a mission to educate future pain medicine physicians in evidence-based clinical practice to provide outstanding patient-centered care to the international patient population at MD Anderson in alignment with MD Anderson’s core values of caring, integrity and discovery. Jul 28, 2017. #6. He'd have a lot more credibility if he knew how to read a study (JAMA RFA garbage) and not use that one as his evidence against RFA. Funny how he doesn't cite …NECはサービスの開発や提供を担う専任者を250名体制とし、事業を推進します。. またNECはSDN関連事業について、今後3年間で累計1,000億円の売上を目指します。. NECは、2020年度までの3カ年の中期経営計画「2020中期経営計画」のもと、ネットワークの強みを ...Pain 101 is a 6-week series of daily one-hour lectures on the fundamentals of pain medicine that occurs at the beginning of fellowship. Pain 201 occurs each Wednesday morning for 1 hour in a “flipped classroom” model covering advanced pain medicine topics, neuromodulation curriculum, journal club, communication series, and more. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.Reaction score. 12,026. Apr 12, 2021. #14. TIVAndy said: "There are no known reports of RFN procedures for spine or other joint pain causing ICD/PPM dysfunction that led to serious injury or death. However, caution is advised in patients who have cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators.65 y/o WM with 30 yr h/o deep left sided facial pain. It all started after a fracture of his nasal septum. As best I can tell, his pain is located a few cm posterior and superior to where his last left maxillary molar would be, up into the head (meckels cave?). His pain occurs approx 12x/day with each episode lasting approx 20min.Aug 26, 2020 · Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) has shown promise to reduce symptoms related to chronic pain conditions such as fibromyalgia, inflammatory bowel conditions, and multiple sclerosis. The mechanism of LDN appears to be modulation of neuro-inflammation, specifically, the modulation of the glial cells and release of inflammatory chemicals in the central ... The Division of Pain Medicine, a part of NYU Langone’s Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, offers a comprehensive one-year multidisciplinary training program. Phone: 617-726-8810. Fax: 617-726-3441. We are also located at: Mass General/North Shore Center for Outpatient Care. 102 Endicott St. Danvers, MA 01923. Phone: 617-726-8810. Mass General Waltham Pain Management Center. 2nd Floor, Suite 2100. NIPPON PAINT (M) SDN. BHD. (196701000578) Lot I-17, Taman Perindustrian Subang Utama, Jalan SU4, 40300 Shah Alam, Malaysia. Customer Careline: 1-800-88-2663 | Email: [email protected] Customer Careline: 1-800-88-2663 Email: [email protected]. Note: The colour shades displayed are indicative …Jul 28, 2017. #6. He'd have a lot more credibility if he knew how to read a study (JAMA RFA garbage) and not use that one as his evidence against RFA. Funny how he doesn't cite …6,540. Reaction score. 1,180. May 11, 2012. #10. PMR2008 said: I have an interview with a 2 physician (1 PM&R and 1 Anesthesia) pain practice tomorrow. I wanted to get the opinion of the members of this forum on important questions I should ask during the interview. Thanks.Therefore recent anesthesia graduates typically have a higher salary close to $50k more than pain jobs because they don't need time to grow their practice and therefore overall revenue. There are anesthesia job with and without call. Call usually pays between $1-1.5k in most places in addition to the higher salary.Pain Management Programmes. A Pain Management Programme (PMP) is a psychologically-based rehabilitative treatment for people with chronic pain which remains unresolved by other treatments currently available . It is delivered in a group setting by an interdisciplinary team of experienced health care professionals working closely with patients. When it comes to foot problems, heel pain is very common. In diagnosing heel pain, it is important to consider where on the foot the pain is occurring, how long you’ve had the pain...VCROM Manufacturing Sdn Bhd was incorporated in 2010 with the core business in supplying automotive paints and thinners. By adhering to strict quality control standards, VCROM continues to grow and expand. We invest in production facilities and advanced technology research. The credibility of Vcrom in every aspect of operations have steered …For the purpose of contract negotiation you might be better off using the 2019 data. MGMA data doesn't calculate average RVU for Anesthesia pain, but they have ASA units, income data. I can share what I have. Apparently, my org doesn't have the new data yet, as I just received the 2020 report from 2019 data.Mar 31, 2023 · Pain Fellowship. The UA Pain Fellowship is an ACGME accredited fellowship in Pain Management consists of a 12-month period of training in which the fellow will participate in patient care on the outpatient pain management services. The fellow will become skilled in the evaluation and treatment of chronic and cancer pain. Neuropathic pain (neuralgia) is a pain that comes from problems with nerve signals. There are various causes. It is different to the common type of pain that is due to …Aug 17, 2014. #21. jj337 said: I graduated the UT Southwestern pain fellowship in 2010 which had 3-4 fellows and 3 locations (private, public, and VA and a little at Childrens) with tons of bread and butter cases, a hand-full of crazy once-in-a-career diseases, kypho, vertebro, SCS trials and perms, and pump implants.Versus hospital employed pain could have a base of $380-400k plus production bonus of $50-100k (or more) with no weekends, nights or holidays. The choice is clear to me- you basically have a derm lifestyle with pain. The equivalent outpatient anesthesia job without call or weekends usually pays around $250-280k.Replies. 16. Feb 1, 2022. Hi All, I'm interviewing for pain attending positions and will soon be negotiating contracts. I really have no idea what to look for, how to …The combined clinical/research fellowship track offers two options: a 2-year APA accredited (50% research/ 50% clinical) fellowship, or a 3-year (80% research/20% clinical) fellowship. Research funding for the combined track is available through the Stanford Division of Pain Medicine’s NIH funded T32 training program in Pain and/or …We focusing on the smart wearable device for remote monitoring of low back pain, mobile app solution for tracking the recovering progress and doctor dashboard that allow doctor or physician to know the recovery progress of their patient anytime. ... Nonivasi Care Sdn Bhd Co.Reg: 202001020147 (1376467-T) M1-08-01, 8Trium Menara 1, Jalan Cempaka ...NIPPON PAINT (M) SDN. BHD. (196701000578) Lot I-17, Taman Perindustrian Subang Utama, Jalan SU4, 40300 Shah Alam, Malaysia. Customer Careline: 1-800-88-2663 | Email: [email protected] Customer Careline: 1-800-88-2663 Email: [email protected]. Note: The colour shades displayed are indicative …
Trying to walk with heel pain isn’t always easy. Not only does it restrict your mobility, but it also may limit the style of shoes you can wear. Before you can treat it, you have t.... Aerie pullover sweater
For the purpose of contract negotiation you might be better off using the 2019 data. MGMA data doesn't calculate average RVU for Anesthesia pain, but they have ASA units, income data. I can share what I have. Apparently, my org doesn't have the new data yet, as I just received the 2020 report from 2019 data.KCK Pharmaceutical Industries Sdn Bhd manufactured wide range of pharmaceutical, medical ... Pain after dental procedures / tooth extraction, Toothache, Pain ofDec 1, 2023 · The choice of pain relief depends on pain severity, for example: Mild: acetaminophen, NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, naproxen, or diclofenac. Moderate: depending on the type of pain, muscle relaxants, gabapentinoids, antidepressants, cortisone injections, or mild opioids, such as codeine or tramadol combined with acetaminophen or NSAIDs. Jan 20, 2023 · FAPDs are the most common cause of chronic abdominal pain in children and adolescents, occurring in 9 to 15 percent of all children. In males, pain is most common between ages 5 and 6 years. Females have pain most commonly between 5 and 6 years and 9 and 10 years. In most cases, abdominal pain is not serious and gets better without treatment. Psychiatry. For psychiatry residents and students interested in psychiatry. Co-hosted with The AAP. This forum made possible through the generous support of SDN members, donors, and sponsors. Thank you. 1. 2. 3. ….Posted in the pain forum and it was suggested to post in this forum as well: seeing a patient that had a stroke last May. Pain in upper and lower extremities started 2-3 months later. The hand and finger pain the worst. She's on lyrica 600mg/day, trazodone, zoloft. Tried cymbalta in past. Any body got new ideas about post stroke pains? thanks.Traditionally used to relieve muscular pain, waist and back pain, joints pain and minor swelling. ... Sdn Bhd. Kedah.V Max Hardware Sdn Bhd. 15,684 likes · 327 talking about this. V MAX HARDWARE SDN BHD (1074757-T) VMax Group - Your Best Welding PartnerFeb 1, 2024 · Americans endure pain every day. An organization created by people with pain for people with pain, U.S. Pain recognizes and validates the challenges more than 51.6 million Americans endure every day. We strive to be the leading source of support for those living with pain, as well as their caregivers and care providers. There are two types of headaches that may cause pain on the right side of the head, a hemicrania continua headache and chronic migraine, according to Mayo Clinic. Both of these hea...Lead to Innovation Medical. Passion Spine SDN. BHD. is an Orthopedic & Spine Implants and Instruments Distributor in Malaysia with 5 years of experience. Founded in 2012, we have established significant presence in the industry. As an Orthopedic Product Distributor, we have established presence throughout Peninsular Malaysia, to every ...For more information about the Pain Medicine Fellowship, please contact Shengping Zou, MD, program director, at [email protected] or 212-201-1004; or Pamela Shaw, program coordinator, at [email protected] or 212-598-6074. NYU Langone’s Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine offers …Jun 11, 2022 ... consistently high amount of Glucosamine sulfate. Get your value pack now @Farmasi Tiara Ipoh Sdn Bhd ***While stocks last.6,540. Reaction score. 1,180. May 11, 2012. #10. PMR2008 said: I have an interview with a 2 physician (1 PM&R and 1 Anesthesia) pain practice tomorrow. I wanted to get the opinion of the members of this forum on important questions I should ask during the interview. Thanks.Besides treating Pain Patients in a Private Practice setting, she is also Wilderness Medicine certified and for over 10 years volunteers for Search and Rescue. Eileen Wong, M.D. Dr. Eileen Wong is a board-certified Pain Management and Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation physician. She hails from Southern California but went to medical school at ...How about pain medicine secrets? thanks. Forums. ... This forum made possible through the generous support of SDN members, donors, and sponsors. Thank you. M. medicineman1 Full Member. 10+ Year Member. 15+ Year Member. Joined Sep 8, 2006 Messages 209 Reaction score 0. Jan 3, 2008 #1.